15+ Đề Trắc nghiệm Tiếng Anh 12 Unit 7: Economic Reforms (Global Success)

Câu 1: Vietnam"s economic reforms, known as Đổi Mới, were launched in 1986 to transition from a centrally planned economy to a socialist-oriented market economy. This transition aimed to boost economic ______ and improve living standards.

• A. stagnation
• B. decline
• C. growth
• D. stability

Câu 2: The government implemented various policies to ______ foreign investment, seeing it as a crucial factor for technological advancement and job creation.

• A. discourage
• B. restrict
• C. prohibit
• D. attract

Câu 3: One significant aspect of Đổi Mới was the restructuring of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and the ______ of the private sector.

• A. limitation
• B. development
• C. abolition
• D. nationalization

Câu 4: Despite impressive economic achievements, Vietnam still faces challenges such as income inequality and environmental ______. These issues require further reform efforts.

• A. degradation
• B. improvement
• C. preservation
• D. enhancement

Câu 5: International ______ has played a key role in Vietnam"s economic success, integrating the country into the global economy through trade agreements and participation in international organizations.

• A. isolation
• B. conflict
• C. integration
• D. separation

Câu 6: The government"s commitment to ongoing reforms is ______ for sustaining long-term economic development and addressing socio-economic issues.

• A. optional
• B. essential
• C. unnecessary
• D. detrimental

Câu 7: The ______ of the market mechanism allowed for more efficient allocation of resources compared to the previous command economy.

• A. introduction
• B. abolition
• C. restriction
• D. hindrance

Câu 8: Many foreign companies were attracted by Vietnam"s relatively low labor costs and favorable investment ______, contributing to export growth.

• A. obstacles
• B. limitations
• C. challenges
• D. environment

Câu 9: The reforms led to a significant increase in agricultural ______, allowing Vietnam to become a major exporter of rice and other produce.

• A. productivity
• B. consumption
• C. import
• D. failure

Câu 10: ______ the economic reforms were implemented, Vietnam"s GDP began to rise significantly.

• A. Unless
• B. In spite of
• C. After
• D. Although

Câu 11: If the government ______ further steps to improve infrastructure, foreign investment ______ even more.

• A. doesn"t take / won"t increase
• B. takes / will increase
• C. took / would increase
• D. had taken / would have increased

Câu 12: The success of the reforms ______ on the effective implementation of policies and the commitment of the people.

• A. depends
• B. depended
• C. is depending
• D. has depended

Câu 13: The World Bank suggested that Vietnam ______ continue to streamline administrative procedures to enhance competitiveness.

• A. must
• B. will
• C. can
• D. should

Câu 14: The report indicated that ______ poverty rates had decreased significantly since the reforms began.

• A. who
• B. that
• C. where
• D. whose

Câu 15: The government announced yesterday that they ______ new policies to support small and medium-sized enterprises next month.

• A. would introduce
• B. introduced
• C. have introduced
• D. introduce

Câu 16: Critics argue that ______ the rapid economic growth, the gap between the rich and the poor has widened.

• A. because of
• B. in addition to
• C. despite
• D. as a result of

Câu 17: The central bank"s decision to lower interest rates is expected ______ investment in various sectors.

• A. stimulating
• B. to stimulate
• C. stimulate
• D. stimulated

Câu 18: If the global economy had not faced a recession, Vietnam"s export performance ______ even better.

• A. would be
• B. will be
• C. is
• D. would have been

Câu 19: The article discusses the challenges of economic transition, ______ include corruption and bureaucratic inefficiency.

• A. which
• B. who
• C. where
• D. when

Câu 20: The government is determined to ______ forward with market-oriented reforms to ensure sustainable growth.

• A. hold
• B. step
• C. move
• D. push

Câu 21: A recent survey showed that public ______ for the economic reforms remains high, despite some negative impacts.

• A. opposition
• B. support
• C. indifference
• D. criticism

Câu 22: The success of Đổi Mới demonstrates the importance of adapting policies to local conditions rather than blindly following external ______. What does "external models" refer to in this context?

• A. foreign aid
• B. international trade agreements
• C. pressure from other countries
• D. economic systems or strategies from other nations

Câu 23: Read the following sentence:

• A. To make the enterprises operate more effectively.
• B. To increase the number of state employees.
• C. To stop all government spending.
• D. To transfer ownership only to foreign companies.

Câu 24: Consider the statement:

• A. Giving everyone the same amount of money.
• B. Concentrating wealth in the hands of a few.
• C. Distributing economic benefits fairly among the population.
• D. Increasing the total wealth of the country.

Câu 25: Analyze the role of the private sector in Vietnam"s economic reforms. Based on common knowledge about market economies and the information implied in questions 3 and 23, which statement is MOST likely true about the private sector"s role after Đổi Mới?

• A. The private sector was completely abolished.
• B. The private sector remained smaller and less important than state-owned enterprises.
• C. The private sector became dominant and replaced the state"s role entirely.
• D. The private sector played an increasingly vital role in job creation and economic activity.

Câu 26: A key aspect of the reforms was shifting from central planning, where the state made most economic decisions, to a market-oriented system. This implies a greater reliance on which of the following?

• A. Supply and demand forces.
• B. Government quotas and targets.
• C. Bartering systems.
• D. International aid dependency.

Câu 27: Read the following statement:

• A. Poverty has been completely eliminated in Vietnam.
• B. People in cities generally have better economic conditions than those in the countryside.
• C. The government has not made any effort to reduce poverty.
• D. Economic reforms have only benefited rural areas.

Câu 28: The process of economic integration means a country becomes more connected with the global economy. Which of the following is a likely consequence of Vietnam"s international integration?

• A. Decreased international trade.
• B. Reduced foreign investment.
• C. Increased exposure to global market fluctuations.
• D. Complete self-sufficiency.

Câu 29: Which of the following sentences correctly uses a relative clause to add information about "economic reforms"?

• A. Economic reforms, which began in 1986, have transformed Vietnam"s economy.
• B. Economic reforms who began in 1986 has transformed Vietnam"s economy.
• C. Economic reforms where began in 1986 have transformed Vietnam"s economy.
• D. Economic reforms that began in 1986 is transforming Vietnam"s economy.

Câu 30: Based on the overall theme of economic reforms and transition, what is a potential long-term goal that Vietnam"s government might aim for to ensure sustainable development?

• A. Returning to a centrally planned economy.
• B. Reducing all foreign trade and investment.
• C. Focusing solely on agriculture.
• D. Building a modern, industrialized economy with a focus on high-tech sectors and environmental protection.

Câu 1: Vietnam"s economic reforms, known as ______, started in 1986 and aimed at transitioning to a market economy.

• A. Doi Moi
• B. Glasnost
• C. Perestroika
• D. Great Leap Forward

Câu 2: One of the main goals of economic reforms is to increase ______ and efficiency in production.

• A. subsidies
• B. inflation
• C. productivity
• D. unemployment

Câu 3: The shift from a centrally-planned economy to a market economy often involves the ______ of state-owned enterprises.

• A. nationalization
• B. privatization
• C. subsidization
• D. regulation

Câu 4: Increased foreign ______ is crucial for developing countries undergoing economic reforms, bringing capital and technology.

• A. trade barriers
• B. debt
• C. subsidies
• D. investment

Câu 5: The government decided to ______ trade barriers to encourage international trade and attract foreign companies.

• A. liberalize
• B. restrict
• C. impose
• D. maintain

Câu 6: Rapid economic growth can sometimes lead to increased ______, where prices rise rapidly, eroding purchasing power.

• A. employment
• B. stability
• C. inflation
• D. productivity

Câu 7: Developing ______ infrastructure, such as roads and ports, is essential to support economic development.

• A. social
• B. economic
• C. political
• D. cultural

Câu 8: The reforms aimed to improve the ______ of living for the majority of the population.

• A. level
• B. quality
• C. rate
• D. standard

Câu 9: While reforms created new jobs, they also led to temporary ______ in some traditional industries.

• A. unemployment
• B. employment
• C. profit
• D. investment

Câu 10: The government encouraged the development of the ______ sector to stimulate competition and innovation.

• A. public
• B. state
• C. private
• D. foreign

Câu 11: Economic reforms are often a challenging ______ that requires careful planning and execution.

• A. event
• B. process
• C. result
• D. problem

Câu 12: To attract foreign investors, the government simplified administrative procedures and offered tax ____.

• A. burdens
• B. regulations
• C. penalties
• D. incentives

Câu 13: The reforms aimed to integrate the domestic economy more fully ______ the global economy.

• A. into
• B. with
• C. at
• D. by

Câu 14: The government played a crucial role in managing the ______ from a planned to a market economy.

• A. stability
• B. transition
• C. crisis
• D. revolution

Câu 15: Developing ______ capital is essential for long-term economic growth, requiring investment in education and healthcare.

• A. natural
• B. physical
• C. human
• D. financial

Câu 16: The new policies were designed to promote ______ competition among businesses.

• A. fair
• B. limited
• C. unfair
• D. monopoly

Câu 17: Read the following sentence: "The government has been implementing measures to curb inflation, which has been rising steadily." Which of the following is a likely consequence of rising inflation mentioned in the sentence?

• A. Reduced unemployment
• B. Increased purchasing power
• C. Decreased value of money
• D. Higher productivity

Câu 18: "The reform package aimed to dismantle state control over pricing and distribution." What does "dismantle" most closely mean in this context?

• A. Strengthen
• B. Establish
• C. Maintain
• D. Abolish

Câu 19: Sentence: "If the government had not invested heavily in infrastructure, foreign investment would have been much lower." This sentence implies:

• A. Government investment in infrastructure led to higher foreign investment.
• B. Foreign investment caused the government to invest in infrastructure.
• C. Infrastructure investment was sufficient even without government spending.
• D. Foreign investment was low despite infrastructure improvements.

Câu 20: Choose the sentence that uses the correct passive voice to describe an action related to economic reform.

• A. The government privatized many state-owned enterprises.
• B. Many state-owned enterprises were privatized by the government.
• C. Many state-owned enterprises have privatizing.
• D. The government was privatized many state-owned enterprises.

Câu 21: "She asked me what impact the new trade policies had had on local businesses." This is a reported speech sentence. What was the likely direct question?

• A.
• B.
• C.
• D.

Câu 22: Read the following passage about a hypothetical country"s reform:

• A. Unemployment decreased immediately after the reforms began.
• B. State-owned factories became more efficient and productive.
• C. Foreign investment was discouraged by the new policies.
• D. The reforms had some negative social and environmental consequences.

Câu 23: In the passage in Question 22, the word "vibrant" is used to describe the private sector. What does "vibrant" suggest about the private sector"s growth?

• A. It was growing quickly and was very active.
• B. It was struggling and facing many challenges.
• C. It was controlled tightly by the state.
• D. It was focused only on traditional industries.

Câu 24: Consider the phrase "curb inflation" from Question 17. What is the likely action taken by a government when they try to "curb" inflation?

• A. Increase it
• B. Control or limit it
• C. Ignore it
• D. Measure it

Câu 25: Sentence transformation: Rewrite the sentence

• A. Thanks to the economy started to grow rapidly, the government introduced market reforms.
• B. Thanks to the introduction of market reforms, the economy started to grow rapidly.
• C. The economy started to grow rapidly thanks to introducing market reforms.
• D. Thanks to the government introduced market reforms, the economy started to grow rapidly.

Câu 26: Which sentence correctly uses a relative clause to add information about "economic reforms"?

• A. Economic reforms aims to improve living standards.
• B. Economic reforms, that aims to improve living standards.
• C. Economic reforms, which aim to improve living standards, were implemented.
• D. Economic reforms who aim to improve living standards were implemented.

Câu 27: Identify the error in the following sentence:

• A. success
• B. depends on
• C. government"s ability
• D. managing

Câu 28: A key challenge in economic transition is balancing rapid growth with ______ development, ensuring benefits are shared widely.

• A. inclusive
• B. exclusive
• C. limited
• D. competitive

Câu 29: The term "deregulation" in economics primarily refers to:

• A. Increasing government control over industries.
• B. Reducing or removing government rules and controls.
• C. Nationalizing private companies.
• D. Providing financial support to state-owned enterprises.

Câu 30: Read the sentence:

• A. It is strong and stable.
• B. It is independent of global markets.
• C. It benefits from price changes.
• D. It is easily affected or harmed by changes.

Câu 1: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation.

• A. integrat**e**
• B. stimulat**e**
• C. privat**e**
• D. initiati**ve**

Câu 2: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation.

• A. a**ch**ievement
• B. **ch**allenge
• C. se**c**tor
• D. e**c**onomic

Câu 3: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress.

• A. re"form
• B. a"chieve
• C. "challenge
• D. "private

Câu 4: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress.

• A. eco"nomic
• B. po"litical
• C. so"cial
• D. "domestic

Câu 5: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress.

• A. "infrastructure
• B. in"vestment
• C. "liberalize
• D. "modernize

Câu 6: The government decided to ________ the state-owned enterprises to improve efficiency and competitiveness.

• A. socialize
• B. privatize
• C. nationalize
• D. globalize

Câu 7: Vietnam has actively worked to ________ into the global economy by joining international organizations like the WTO.

• A. integrate
• B. isolate
• C. separate
• D. divide

Câu 8: Increased foreign ________ is crucial for developing countries to build modern infrastructure and create jobs.

• A. trade
• B. consumption
• C. investment
• D. export

Câu 9: One of the main ________ of economic reform is to transition from a centrally planned economy to a market-oriented one.

• A. successes
• B. benefits
• C. rewards
• D. challenges

Câu 10: The development of better ________, such as roads, ports, and communication networks, is vital for economic growth.

• A. infrastructure
• B. superstructure
• C. architecture
• D. framework

Câu 11: The government implemented policies to ________ domestic production and encourage local businesses.

• A. restrict
• B. stimulate
• C. suppress
• D. prohibit

Câu 12: Improving ________ efficiency is key to increasing productivity and reducing costs in any sector.

• A. political
• B. social
• C. cultural
• D. economic

Câu 13: The shift towards a ________ economy allows prices to be determined by supply and demand rather than state planning.

• A. planned
• B. socialist
• C. market
• D. subsistence

Câu 14: Many developing nations are undergoing a period of ________ from traditional economies to more industrialized ones.

• A. transition
• B. stagnation
• C. recession
• D. depression

Câu 15: Despite facing significant challenges, the country has made remarkable ________ in poverty reduction over the past decade.

• A. obstacles
• B. achievements
• C. difficulties
• D. setbacks

Câu 16: It ________ that the new trade agreement will boost exports by 15% next year.

• A. is expected
• B. expected
• C. is expecting
• D. expects

Câu 17: The infrastructure projects ________ by the government last year have already improved transportation significantly.

• A. is completed
• B. was completed
• C. is being completed
• D. were completed

Câu 18: The economist said that inflation ________ under control by the end of the year.

• A. will be brought
• B. would be brought
• C. is brought
• D. has been brought

Câu 19: He asked me ________ the government was planning any new economic initiatives.

• A. if
• B. what
• C. that
• D. how

Câu 20: If the government ________ stricter regulations on pollution, the environment ________ much better now.

• A. had imposed / would be
• B. imposed / would be
• C. had imposed / would have been
• D. imposed / would have been

Câu 21: The company, ________ aims to expand globally, is seeking foreign investment.

• A. that
• B. which
• C. who
• D. whose

Câu 22: They ________ have achieved such rapid growth without the recent economic reforms.

• A. mustn"t
• B. shouldn"t
• C. can"t
• D. couldn"t

Câu 23: The global economic crisis led to a sharp decrease in exports; ________, many factories had to close down.

• A. consequently
• B. however
• C. in addition
• D. similarly

Câu 24: Read the following passage and answer the question: "The Doi Moi reforms in Vietnam initiated in 1986 marked a significant shift towards a market-oriented economy. This process involved liberalizing trade, encouraging private enterprise, and attracting foreign investment. While these changes led to impressive economic growth and poverty reduction, they also brought new challenges, such as increasing income inequality and environmental concerns. The government continues to refine policies to ensure sustainable and equitable development."

What is the main topic of this passage?

• A. The history of Vietnam"s trade policies.
• B. The impact of foreign investment on Vietnam.
• C. The process and effects of Vietnam"s economic reforms.
• D. Challenges related to environmental protection in Vietnam.

Câu 25: According to the passage, which of the following was a consequence of the Doi Moi reforms?

• A. Increased income inequality.
• B. A decrease in foreign investment.
• C. A shift towards a centrally planned economy.
• D. A decline in economic growth.

Câu 26: In the passage, the word "liberalizing" is closest in meaning to:

• A. restricting
• B. controlling
• C. limiting
• D. relaxing

Câu 27: Based on the passage, what can be inferred about Vietnam"s current economic situation?

• A. The government has stopped implementing reforms.
• B. The government is addressing ongoing economic issues.
• C. Income inequality has been completely eliminated.
• D. Foreign investment is no longer needed.

Câu 28: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a measure involved in the Doi Moi reforms?

• A. Liberalizing trade.
• B. Encouraging private enterprise.
• C. Increasing state subsidies.
• D. Attracting foreign investment.

Câu 29: The government"s decision to invest heavily in education and healthcare ________ the country"s long-term human capital development.

• A. will benefit
• B. is benefiting
• C. benefited
• D. has benefited

Câu 30: He advised ________ careful consideration before making large investments.

• A. to give
• B. that we give
• C. us giving
• D. giving

Câu 1: Select the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation.

• A. growth
• B. open
• C. policy
• D. innovation

Câu 2: Select the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress.

• A. de"velop
• B. a"chieve
• C. im"prove
• D. "challenge

Câu 3: The government implemented a series of ______ to boost the national economy.

• A. problems
• B. reforms
• C. sectors
• D. standards

Câu 4: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays a crucial role in the country"s economic ______.

• A. growth
• B. stagnation
• C. decline
• D. isolation

Câu 5: Improving ______ like roads, ports, and power grids is essential for attracting more businesses.

• A. personnel
• B. capital
• C. infrastructure
• D. markets

Câu 6: The country is undergoing a ______ from a centrally planned economy to a market economy.

• A. crisis
• B. stability
• C. stagnation
• D. transition

Câu 7: One of the main ______ of economic reform is to raise the ______ for all citizens.

• A. challenges / cost of living
• B. aims / standard of living
• C. problems / unemployment rate
• D. results / production costs

Câu 8: If the government ______ further reforms, the economy ______ significantly in the next decade.

• A. implemented / would grow
• B. had implemented / would have grown
• C. implements / will grow
• D. is implementing / grows

Câu 9: The factory, ______ was built in the 1980s, needs significant upgrades to improve efficiency.

• A. that
• B. which
• C. who
• D. where

Câu 10: She said that the new economic policies ______ positive results.

• A. are producing
• B. produce
• C. were producing
• D. will produce

Câu 11: If they ______ the warning about the potential risks, they ______ so much money.

• A. had listened to / wouldn"t have lost
• B. listened to / wouldn"t lose
• C. listen to / won"t lose
• D. had listened to / wouldn"t lose

Câu 12: The report suggests that more investment ______ in renewable energy.

• A. should make
• B. should to be made
• C. should making
• D. should be made

Câu 13: The government ______ introduce policies to support small businesses, or they will struggle to compete.

• A. must
• B. can
• C. might
• D. would

Câu 14: Choose the underlined part that needs correction.

• A. The success
• B. of economic reforms
• C. depend
• D. on effective implementation.

Câu 15: Choose the underlined part that needs correction.

• A. Many people
• B. which
• C. benefited from
• D. the new policies were farmers.

Câu 16: Choose the underlined part that needs correction.

• A. If the tax rates
• B. were lower,
• C. the country
• D. will attract more investment.

Câu 17: Choose the underlined part that needs correction.

• A. The issue of
• B. economic inequality
• C. is discussing
• D. at the conference.

Câu 18: The government should encourage innovation. It is essential for long-term economic prosperity. (Combine using a relative clause)

• A. The government should encourage innovation, that is essential for long-term economic prosperity.
• B. The government should encourage innovation, which is essential for long-term economic prosperity.
• C. The government should encourage innovation which is essential for long-term economic prosperity.
• D. The government, which is essential for long-term economic prosperity, should encourage innovation.

Câu 19: "We have successfully reduced the poverty rate," the minister said. (Reported speech)

• A. The minister said that we have successfully reduced the poverty rate.
• B. The minister said that they successfully reduce the poverty rate.
• C. The minister said that they had successfully reduced the poverty rate.
• D. The minister said that they would successfully reduce the poverty rate.

Câu 20: The central bank is expected to lower interest rates next month. (Rewrite using passive voice)

• A. Interest rates are expected to be lowered by the central bank next month.
• B. Interest rates are expected to lower by the central bank next month.
• C. It is expected that interest rates lower by the central bank next month.
• D. The central bank is expected that interest rates will be lowered next month.

Câu 21: The company wouldn"t have gone bankrupt if they had managed their finances more carefully. (Rewrite using "Unless")

• A. Unless they had managed their finances more carefully, the company would have gone bankrupt.
• B. Unless they managed their finances more carefully, the company would go bankrupt.
• C. The company would have gone bankrupt unless they had managed their finances more carefully.
• D. The company wouldn"t have gone bankrupt unless they hadn"t managed their finances more carefully.

Câu 22: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

• A. See passage below
• B. See passage below
• C. See passage below
• D. See passage below

Câu 23: Passage for questions 23-28:

Vietnam"s economic reforms, known as Đổi Mới, were initiated in 1986. This marked a significant shift from a centrally planned economy to a socialist-oriented market economy. The primary goals were to overcome economic stagnation, improve living standards, and integrate Vietnam into the global economy. Key policies included agricultural reforms, encouraging the private sector, opening up to foreign trade and investment, and reforming state-owned enterprises.

The reforms led to remarkable achievements. Vietnam transformed from a poor, food-importing country into a major exporter of rice and other agricultural products. Economic growth rates were consistently high for decades. Poverty rates fell dramatically. Foreign direct investment (FDI) increased significantly, bringing capital, technology, and management expertise. The private sector became a dynamic force in the economy, creating jobs and contributing to growth.

However, the transition process has also presented challenges. Inequality has risen, particularly between urban and rural areas, and between skilled and unskilled workers. Environmental issues have become more pressing due to rapid industrialization. The reform of state-owned enterprises remains incomplete, posing risks to the banking system and fair competition. Furthermore, developing high-quality human resources and improving infrastructure are ongoing priorities to sustain long-term growth and competitiveness in the global market.

• A. N/A
• B. N/A
• C. N/A
• D. N/A

Câu 23: What was the primary goal of the Đổi Mới reforms mentioned in the passage?

• A. To return to a centrally planned economy.
• B. To focus solely on agricultural development.
• C. To limit foreign trade and investment.
• D. To improve living standards and integrate into the global economy.

Câu 24: According to the passage, which of the following was NOT a key policy of the Đổi Mới reforms?

• A. Encouraging the private sector.
• B. Opening up to foreign trade.
• C. Eliminating state-owned enterprises completely.
• D. Reforming state-owned enterprises.

Câu 25: The word

• A. significantly
• B. slowly
• C. slightly
• D. gradually

Câu 26: What can be inferred about Vietnam"s economy BEFORE the Đổi Mới reforms, based on the passage?

• A. It was a thriving market economy.
• B. It was experiencing stagnation and relied on food imports.
• C. It had already integrated into the global economy.
• D. The private sector was the main driving force.

Câu 27: According to the passage, which of the following is still an ongoing challenge for Vietnam"s economy?

• A. High economic growth rates.
• B. Becoming a major rice exporter.
• C. Attracting foreign direct investment.
• D. Reforming state-owned enterprises.

Câu 28: What is the main purpose of the third paragraph?

• A. To discuss the challenges and ongoing issues of the reform process.
• B. To summarize the achievements of the Đổi Mới reforms.
• C. To explain the history of the centrally planned economy.
• D. To compare Vietnam"s economy with other countries.

Câu 29: The government is trying to encourage entrepreneurship. This is seen as key to fostering innovation. (Combine using a connector showing reason/purpose)

• A. The government is trying to encourage entrepreneurship, but this is seen as key to fostering innovation.
• B. The government is trying to encourage entrepreneurship, so this is seen as key to fostering innovation.
• C. The government is trying to encourage entrepreneurship, as this is seen as key to fostering innovation.
• D. The government is trying to encourage entrepreneurship, although this is seen as key to fostering innovation.

Câu 30: If the country ______ political stability, it ______ foreign investment.

• A. maintained / would attract
• B. maintains / will attract
• C. had maintained / would have attracted
• D. is maintaining / attracts

Câu 1: During the period of economic reforms, Vietnam has achieved remarkable success in _________ poverty reduction.

• A. increase
• B. expand
• C. poverty reduction
• D. unemployment

Câu 2: The government introduced new policies _________ foreign investment.

• A. to attract
• B. attracting
• C. attracted
• D. attracts

Câu 3: If the government had not implemented the Doi Moi reforms, Vietnam"s economy _________ as rapidly as it has.

• A. would develop
• B. would not have developed
• C. will not develop
• D. did not develop

Câu 4: The privatization of state-owned enterprises is a key _________ of the economic reform program.

• A. problem
• B. obstacle
• C. criticism
• D. aspect

Câu 5: Many people believe that economic reforms have led to a significant _________ in living standards for a large part of the population.

• A. improvement
• B. decline
• C. stagnation
• D. fluctuation

Câu 6: The government is committed to creating a favorable environment _________ businesses to thrive.

• A. of
• B. in which
• C. for
• D. so that

Câu 7: Read the following passage and answer the question: "Vietnam"s economic reforms, initiated in 1986 under the name "Doi Moi", marked a significant shift from a centrally planned economy to a socialist-oriented market economy. This transition involved liberalizing trade, attracting foreign investment, and restructuring state-owned enterprises. While these reforms led to rapid economic growth and poverty reduction, they also presented challenges such as increasing income inequality and environmental degradation."

According to the passage, which of the following was NOT a challenge resulting from Vietnam"s economic reforms?

• A. Rapid economic growth
• B. Increasing income inequality
• C. Environmental degradation
• D. Restructuring state-owned enterprises

Câu 8: Based on the passage in Question 7, what was the primary nature of the economic shift in Vietnam known as "Doi Moi"?

• A. From a market economy to a planned economy.
• B. From a centrally planned economy to a socialist-oriented market economy.
• C. From a socialist economy to a capitalist economy.
• D. From an agricultural economy to an industrial economy.

Câu 9: The government implemented stricter regulations on environmental pollution, _________ the potential negative impacts of industrial development.

• A. to mitigate
• B. mitigating
• C. mitigated
• D. mitigates

Câu 10: Despite _________ significant progress, challenges remain in ensuring equitable distribution of wealth.

• A. make
• B. making
• C. made
• D. to make

Câu 11: The economic reforms aimed at _________ state control over businesses and promoting private sector development.

• A. increasing
• B. strengthening
• C. maintaining
• D. reducing

Câu 12: The government"s decision to lower taxes is expected to _________ economic growth.

• A. stimulate
• B. deter
• C. hinder
• D. restrict

Câu 13: If the reforms had been implemented more consistently, the results _________ even more impressive.

• A. will be
• B. would have been
• C. would be
• D. are

Câu 14: The country"s integration into the global economy has created new _________ for trade and investment.

• A. difficulties
• B. problems
• C. opportunities
• D. restrictions

Câu 15: Read the following short text: "A key element of Vietnam"s economic transition was the focus on developing a multi-sector economy. This involved recognizing the role of private businesses alongside state-owned enterprises and collectives. The aim was to mobilize all potential resources for development, breaking away from the previous rigid, state-dominated model."

What does the term "multi-sector economy" imply in the context of Vietnam"s reforms, according to the text?

• A. An economy solely dominated by state-owned enterprises.
• B. An economy focused only on the agricultural sector.
• C. An economy where only foreign companies operate.
• D. An economy where different types of ownership (state, private, collective) coexist.

Câu 16: The government is implementing policies to improve the quality of human resources, _________ meet the demands of a modern economy.

• A. so as to meet
• B. so that meeting
• C. in order for meet
• D. as to meet

Câu 17: The success of the reforms depends _________ on the effective implementation of new policies.

• A. in
• B. with
• C. on
• D. for

Câu 18: The process of _________ state-owned enterprises often involves selling off assets and reducing staff.

• A. nationalizing
• B. privatizing
• C. subsidizing
• D. centralizing

Câu 19: Critics argue that while the reforms boosted the economy, they also _________ social inequality.

• A. exacerbated
• B. alleviated
• C. reduced
• D. eliminated

Câu 20: The government launched a new initiative _________ small and medium-sized enterprises.

• A. supports
• B. supported
• C. to support
• D. supporting

Câu 21: Read the following excerpt: "Attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) was a cornerstone of Vietnam"s Doi Moi policy. This involved creating legal frameworks, offering incentives like tax breaks, and improving infrastructure. While FDI brought capital and technology, contributing significantly to export growth and job creation, it also raised concerns about environmental standards and the dominance of foreign firms in certain sectors."

Based on this excerpt, which statement best describes the dual impact of FDI on Vietnam"s economy?

• A. FDI only brought positive changes like job creation and export growth.
• B. FDI contributed to economic growth but also brought challenges related to environment and foreign dominance.
• C. FDI primarily focused on improving legal frameworks and infrastructure.
• D. FDI was a major concern for Vietnam"s economy without any benefits.

Câu 22: The government is working to _________ administrative procedures to make it easier for businesses to operate.

• A. simplify
• B. complicate
• C. maintain
• D. restrict

Câu 23: Had the global economic crisis not occurred, Vietnam"s economic growth rate _________ even higher in the past decade.

• A. will be
• B. would be
• C. is
• D. would have been

Câu 24: The reforms have significantly altered the _________ of the Vietnamese workforce, with more people moving into manufacturing and services.

• A. size
• B. composition
• C. age
• D. location

Câu 25: Sentence transformation: "Because of the economic reforms, many new businesses were established."

Choose the sentence that has the same meaning.

• A. The establishment of new businesses caused the economic reforms.
• B. The economic reforms were established by many new businesses.
• C. Many new businesses resulted from establishing the economic reforms.
• D. The economic reforms resulted in the establishment of many new businesses.

Câu 26: The government aims to ensure that the benefits of economic growth are _________ among all segments of society.

• A. distributed
• B. concentrated
• C. accumulated
• D. restricted

Câu 27: Which of the following sentences uses the passive voice to describe an action related to economic policy?

• A. The government is implementing new policies.
• B. New trade agreements were signed last year.
• C. Economists are studying the impact of the reforms.
• D. The private sector played a crucial role.

Câu 28: Read the following sentences: (1) The government liberalized trade policies. (2) Foreign investment increased significantly.

Combine these two sentences using a relative clause to show the relationship where (1) led to (2).

• A. The government liberalized trade policies which foreign investment increased significantly.
• B. The government liberalized trade policies, that foreign investment increased significantly.
• C. The government liberalized trade policies, which led to a significant increase in foreign investment.
• D. Foreign investment increased significantly, which the government liberalized trade policies.

Câu 29: The economic reforms have enabled Vietnam to integrate more deeply into the global economy, _________ its participation in international trade organizations.

• A. hindered by
• B. despite
• C. instead of
• D. evidenced by

Câu 30: Considering the historical context of a centrally planned economy, the shift to a market-oriented model required a fundamental _________ in economic thinking and policy-making.

• A. addition
• B. transformation
• C. maintenance
• D. reduction